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solar fuel
. A solar fuel is a fuel produced from sunlight through artificial photosynthesis or (experimental as of 2013) a thermochemical reaction.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://energy.sandia.gov/wp/wp-content/gallery/uploads/S2P_SAND2009-5796P.pdf )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/sunshot/csp_sunshotrnd_pnnl.html )〕 Light is used as an energy source, with solar energy being transduced to chemical energy, typically by reducing protons to hydrogen, or carbon dioxide to organic compounds. A solar fuel can be produced and stored for later usage, when sunlight is not available, making it an alternative to fossil fuels. Diverse photocatalysts are being developed to carry these reactions in a sustainable, environmentally friendly way.
== Overview ==
The world's dependence on the declining reserves of fossil fuels poses not only environmental problems but also geopolitical ones. Solar fuels, in particular hydrogen, are viewed as an alternative source of energy for replacing fossil fuels especially where storage is essential. Electricity can be produced directly from sunlight through photovoltaics, but this form of energy is rather inefficient to store compared to hydrogen.〔 A solar fuel can be produced when and where sunlight is available, and stored and transported for later usage.
The most widely researched solar fuels are hydrogen and products of carbon dioxide reduction.
Solar fuels can be produced via direct or indirect processes. Direct processes harness the energy in sunlight to produce a fuel without intermediary energy conversions. In contrast, indirect processes have solar energy converted to another form of energy first (such as biomass or electricity) that can then be used to produce a fuel. Indirect processes have been easier to implement but have the disadvantage of being less efficient than, e.g., water splitting for the production of hydrogen, since energy is wasted in the intermediary conversion.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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